1. 捕草常片，等待物接子表面上的微小毛。
The jaws of the Venus flytrap are open, waiting for prey to touch the tiny trigger hairs on the leaf surface.
An insect lands on the open leaves of a Venus flytrap plant, drawn to an appealing scent. It noses around and accidentally brushes one of the trap’s trigger hairs. An action potential shoots across the leaf blade.
一昆被吸引到人的味，著落於一棵捕草植物的子上。它四嗅探，不意碰到捕器的毛之一。一作位速遍此片。
The insect keeps moving and bends another trigger hair, propagating a second action potential; suddenly, the leaves snap shut, trapping the insect, enveloping it in digestive juices, and absorbing the bug’s rich nutrients.
此昆移且曲另一根毛，播第二作位；突然，子迅速合，陷捕住昆，其封包於消化液中，同吸收此昆富的分。
How these two light touches trigger abrupt shutting of the leaves has been hypothesized, but never proven. Now, in a new study published in Current Biology, a team of researchers knocked out two ion channels, making it harder to produce action potentials and proving the channels’ importance in leaf closing.
人已假了，上述次，如何子突然合。不，未曾。目前，在表於《代生物》期刊的一新研究中，一支研究人剔除了子通道，使其生作位。然後了些通道，在子合上的重要性。
“The paper is a very big technical advance,” said plant biophysicist Rainer Hedrich at the University of Wurzburg who was not involved in the study. “It is possible to knock out genes in an excitable plant and test hypotheses.”
德茨堡大，未涉及研究的植物生物物理家，Rainer Hedrich宣：「此篇文是一，非常大的技展。剔除刺激易於感之植物中的基因，多假是可能的。」
2. Carl Procko在室拿著一株，存著各基因移及野生型的捕草植物。
Carl Procko holds a Venus flytrap plant in the greenhouse that stores various transgenic and wild type plants
Carnivorous plants and their quick movements have fascinated scientists for centuries. In the 1870s, Darwin and his colleagues discussed how electrical currents played a role in leaf closing.
世以，食植物及其快速作，一直令科家感到迷惑。於1870年代，文及其同僚，流如何在子合上，扮演一角色。
More recently, scientists found mechanosensitive ion channels FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1) and FLYCATCHER2 (FLYC2) expressed in trigger hairs that may associate with touch sensitivity. Even though the Venus flytrap’s genome is sequenced, no targeted mutations of ion channel genes have been made to conclusively prove their roles in leaf closing.
最近，於毛中，科家了，可能碰敏感度有之表的械性敏感子通道，FLYCATCHER1 (FLYC1)及FLYCATCHER2 (FLYC2)。即使捕草的基因已被排序，不定之子通道基因的突，已被得性，它在子合上的角色。
So, plant biologists Carl Procko and Joanne Chory at the Salk Institute decided to use CRISPR-Cas9 to mutate FLYC1 and FLYC2 to investigate their functions. Scientists had hypothesized that an insect’s touch causes deformation of the trigger hair’s sensory cell membrane, which causes the opening of these ion channels and membrane depolarization and electrical signaling.
因此，美索克生物研究所，植物生物家Carl Procko及Joanne Chory定使用CRISPR-Cas9[群聚、律性隔的短文(CRISPR：Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat)-Cas9(CRISPR associated protein 9：是一在某些菌DNA病毒之免疫防中，起至重要作用的蛋白)]，使FLYC1及FLYC2突，以查研究它的功能。科家曾假，昆的碰致，毛的感知胞膜形，而致此些子通道，及胞膜去化出信。
Procko grew Venus flytrap plants in tissue culture and then fired gold particles covered with plasmid DNA containing components of the CRISPR-Cas9 system into the cells. In the plasmid, the researchers also included a gene for a fluorescent protein to identify the plasmid-bearing tissue.
於培物中，Procko培了捕草植物。然後，覆有CRISPR-Cas9系成分之(指在胞的染色或核DNA之外，能自主的DNA分子)DNA的金粒子，射入胞中。了得一，用具有的。此些研究人，於中，也添加了一光蛋白的基因。
The team propagated the genetically transformed cells and eventually grew a new plant. The plant was mosaic; it carried the plasmid DNA in some leaf arms, while others were wild type.
繁殖了此些基因化的胞，果最培育了新植物。植物是拚花式的；其在某些臂中，具有DNA，而其他臂是野生型。
Procko chose leaflets that were fully transgenic (and fluorescent) and clonally separated them in tissue culture. To determine whether the leaves were single or double mutants, Procko used PCR-based Sanger sequencing and genotyping. He chose single mutants for some experiments and double mutants for others. He then planted the plants in soil and continued to grow them in a greenhouse.
Procko完全基因移(及光)的小，在培中，使性繁殖地分它。了此些子是突或突，Procko使用了，以聚合酶反基的桑格排序法及基因分型法，一些突，其他突。然後，些植物植於土壤中，於室中植。
Next, he triggered the double mutant plants with a touch from thin, fire-polished glass rod mounted on a micromanipulator; they closed just as often and as quickly as the wild type plants.
接下，使用自安在微操器上，火光之玻璃棒的碰，些突植物；它一且速度野生型植物一快。
“You get a plant that looks normal,” said Procko. “You sit there, and you scratch your head a bit.” Procko thought that perhaps the defect was smaller than could be detected using the relatively large touch of a pipette and decided to search for another more subtle quantitative assay.
Procko宣：「得了一株看正常的植物。坐在那，搔片刻。」Procko，或缺陷比使用相大之移液器的碰，能察的小。因此，定找另一，更精的定量分析法。
3. Sreekanth Chalasani室的科家，Wen Mai Wong使用超音波能量器，捕草子的作位。
Wen Mai Wong, a scientist in Sreekanth Chalasani's lab, uses the ultrasound transducer to test a Venus flytrap leaf for its action potential.
He collaborated with molecular neurobiologist Sreekanth Chalasani, also at the Salk Institute, who works with ultrasound. When the team tested the plants with a new, more sensitive assay using ultrasound waves to stimulate the trigger hair, the FLYC1-FLYC2 double mutants showed a significant defect:
他同在索克研究所，事超音波研究的分子神生物家，Sreekanth Chalasani合作。研究以一，使用超音波刺激毛之更敏的新方法，此些植物。FLYC1-FLYC2突展了，著的缺陷：
mutated plants required a greater ultrasound pressure to induce the trap closure than wild typeplants. The team noted that single FLYC1 mutants stimulated with ultrasound closed just as well as the wild type plants. Procko believes that brute force mechanical stimulation with the glass rod may be so large that it could act through different mechanosensitive ion channels in the trigger hair.
突的植物需要，比野生型植物更大的超音波力，捕器合。特指出，以超音波刺激的FLYC1 突，合野生型植物一。Procko，使用玻璃棒的力械性刺激，可能非常大以至於，它可以透毛中，不同的械性敏感子通道起作用。
“The next step now is to start looking at these other mechanosensitive channels that are within the trigger hair,” said Procko. “We can start to mutate some of these others and put them in various combinations to see exactly which mechanosensitive channels are most important or if they’re all required together to get that very exquisite touch sensitivity of the trigger hair.”
Procko宣：「目前，下一步是始探究，毛中的其他械性敏感通道。我始改其中一些其他通道，它放入各合中，以切解，哪些械性敏感通道最重要，或是否它需要全部合在一起，以得毛非常敏的碰敏感度。」
Hedrich’s team is currently working to knock out a calcium channel gene hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel (OSCA). Procko acknowledged that he didn’t know exactly how the ultrasound assay relates to touch, which limits the study.
目前，Hedrich的正致力於剔除，高透之可透通道(OSCA)的通道基因。Procko承，他不切知，超音波分析如何碰有，限制了研究。
“It’s a mechanical stimulus. We like to think it’s related to touch, but it could alternatively be applying that stimulus directly to the sensory membranes and altering the membranes. So, this is still a little bit of a question mark,” said Procko.
Procko宣：「是一械性刺激。我想，碰有。不它也可能是，刺激直接施加到感膜，而改此些膜。因此，仍然有。」
址：https://www.the-scientist.com/news/how-the-venus-flytrap-captures-its-prey-71429
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