使咱成人的何出？＠PEREGRINE科滴

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使咱成人的何出？

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18/07/2022

The study of the genomes of our closest relatives, the Neanderthals and Denisovans, has opened up new research paths that can broaden our understanding of the evolutionary history of Homo sapiens.

有咱最接近之尼安德塔人及丹尼索瓦人的基因研究已了，能大咱智人演化史之理解的多新研究途。

A study led by the UB has made an estimation of the time when some of the genetic variants that characterise our species emerged. It does so by analysing mutations that are very frequent in modern human populations, but not in these other species of archaic humans.

一由西班牙巴塞隆大(UB ：Universitat de Barcelona)的研究已估算了，一些表徵咱物出的。研究藉由分析，在代人群中，非常繁的突，做到了一。不，在些原始人的其他物中，做到。

The results, published in the journal Scientific Reports, show two moments in which mutations accumulated: one around 40,000 years ago, associated with the growth of the Homo sapiens population and its departure from Africa, and an older one, more than 100,000 years ago, related to the time of the greatest diversity of types of Homo sapiens in Africa.

此些表於《科告》的研究果，示了突累的刻：一是大4年前，智人群的成及其非洲有。另一是 10多年前，在非洲之智人型最多化的期有。

"The understanding of the deep history of our species is expanding rapidly. However, it is difficult to determine when the genetic variants that distinguish us from other human species emerged. In this study, we have placed species-specific variants on a timeline. We have discovered how these variants accumulate over time, reflecting events such as the point of divergence between Homo sapiens and other human species around 100,000 years ago ", says Alejandro Andirkó, first author of this article, which was part of his doctoral thesis at the UB.

本文首要撰文人，Alejandro Andirkó宣：「有咱物之解史的解，正迅速大中。不，很定，使咱其他人物分的，何出。在研究中，我已特定物的置於一年表上。我已，著推移，些如何累。反映了，如大10年前，智人其他人物之分歧等的程。」本文是他，在巴塞隆大之博士文的一部分。

The study, led by Cedric Boeckx, ICREA research professor in the section of General Linguistics and member of the Institute of Complex Systems of the UB (UBICS), included the participation of Juan Moriano, UB researcher, Alessandro Vitriolo and Giuseppe Testa, experts from the University of Milan and the European Institute of Oncology, and Martin Kuhlwilm, researcher at the University of Vienna.

由西班牙巴塞隆市普通言部所加泰尼研究高研究所(ICREA：Institució Catalana de Reserca I Estudis Avançats)研究教授，及巴塞隆大系研究所(UBICS)成，Cedric Boeckx之研究的者，包括巴塞隆大研究Juan Moriano、自意大利米大及洲瘤研究所的家Alessandro VitrioloGiuseppe Testa，及地利也大研究Martin Kuhlwilm。

The results of the research study also show differences between evolutionary periods. Specifically, they highlight the predominance of genetic variants related to behaviour and facial structure —key characteristics in the differentiation of our species from other human species— more than 300,000 years ago, a date that coincides with the available fossil and archaeological evidence.

研究的多果也示了，演化期之的多差。具，他了，行及面部相之的著(也就是，咱物其他人物，在分化上的特徵)，超30年前。是一有化石及考古相一致的。

"We have discovered sets of genetic variants which affect the evolution of the face and which we have dated between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago, the period just prior to the dating of the earliest fossils of our species, such as the ones discovered at the Jebel Irhoud archaeological site in Morocco", notes Andirkó.

Andirkó特提及：「我已一，影面部演化的。且我已定其年代，介於30到50年前之的。此期就在咱物最早的化石年代判定之前，如在摩洛哥依德考古址的化石。」

The researchers also analysed variants related to the brain, the organ that can best help explain key features of the rich repertoire of behaviours associated with Homo sapiens. Specifically, they dated variants which medical studies conducted in present-day humans have linked to the volume of the cerebellum, corpus callosum and other structures.

此些研究人也分析了，大相的。此器官能最有助於解，智人相之富行功能的多特徵。具，他定了，在今人中行之研究，已小、胼胝及其他在一起的日期。

"We found that brain tissues have a particular genomic expression profile at different times in our history; that is, certain genes related to neural development were more highly expressed at certain times," says the researcher.

此些研究人宣：「我，在我史中的不同期，具有一，特定基因表的量曲；也就是，某些神育相的基因，在某些候高度地作出表。」

These results complement an idea that is dominant in evolutionary anthropology: that there is no linear history of human species, but that different branches of our evolutionary tree coexisted and often intersected.

此些研究果足了，那是在演化人中，一具有影力的解：因，人物有性史。至少，咱演化的不同分支共存且常交叉。

"The breadth of the range of human diversity in the past has surprised anthropologists. Even within Homo sapiens there are fossils, such as the ones I mentioned earlier from Jebel Irhoud, which, because of their features, were thought to belong to another species. That's why we say that human beings have lived a mosaic evolution," he notes.

他特提及：「於去，人多性的度，一直令人家感到。即使在智人也有，如我稍早提到之自依德的化石。由於其特徵，它被於另一物。那是何我宣，人已一嵌性演化(即演的化化生在某些身部位或系中，而其他部位有同生化。另一定是“物部物之以不同速率演化的特徵)。」

“Our results,” the researcher continues, “offer a picture of how our genetics changed, which fits this idea, as we found no evidence of evolutionary changes that depended on one or a several key mutations," he says.

名研究，他宣：「我的多研究果提供了一，咱象如何改的概念，符合上述解。因，我有，依一或突之演化改的。」

The methodology used in the study was based on a Genealogical Estimation of Variant Age method, developed by researchers at the University of Oxford. Once they had this estimation, they applied a machine learning tool to predict which genes have changed the most in certain time windows and which tissues these genes may have impacted.

在研究中使用的方法是以，由英牛津大研究人所之期法的系估算基。一旦有了此估算，他就用器工具，於特定框中，哪些基因曾化最大，及此些基因可能曾影哪些。

Specifically, they used ExPecto, a deep learning tool that uses a convolutional network — a type of computational model — to predict gene expression levels and function from a DNA sequence.

具，他使用了ExPecto。是一，使用卷(一算模型)一DNA序列，基因表水平及功能的深度工具。

"Since there are no data on the genomic expression of variants in the past, this tool is an approach to a problem that has not been addressed until now. Although the use of machine learning prediction is increasingly common in the clinical world, as far as we know, nobody has tried to predict the consequences of genomic changes over time,” notes Andirkó.

Andirkó特提及：「因於去中，有攸基因的表。此工具是一，迄今一直未被解之的方法。然器的使用，在床域越越普遍。不，我所知，人曾基因之化，推移的後果。」

In a previous study, the same UB team, together with the researcher Raül Gómez Buisán, used genomic information from archaic humans. In that study they analysed genomic deserts, regions of the genome of our species where there are no genetic fragments of Neanderthals or Denisovans, and which, moreover, have been subjected to positive pressure in our species:

在先前的一研究中，相同的巴塞隆大，同研究Raül Gómez Buisán，使用了自古代人的基因息。在那研究中，他分析了基因沙漠(缺乏蛋白基因的基因域)。是咱物的基因，有尼安德塔人或丹尼索瓦人之片段，而且在咱物中，一直遭到正力的域：

that is, they have accumulated more mutations than would have been expected by neutral evolution. The researchers studied the expression of genes — i.e., which proteins code for different functions — found in desert regions throughout brain development, from prenatal to adult stages, covering sixteen brain structures. The results showed differences in gene expression in the cerebellum, striatum and thalamus.

也就是，它已累了多於，中性演化能被期的突。此些研究人研究了，前到成年段，涵十六大之整大育程中，在沙漠域被的基因(即哪些不同功能的蛋白)表。此些研究果示了，在小、及丘中，基因表上的差。

"These results bring into focus the relevance of brain structures beyond the neocortex, which has traditionally dominated research on the evolution of the human brain," says Juan Moriano.

Juan Moriano宣：「些研究果焦集中於，新皮之外的大性上。上，新皮一直左右有人大演化的研究。」

Moreover, the most striking differences between brain structures were found at prenatal stages.

此外，在前段，了大之最著的差。

"These findings add new evidence to the hypothesis of a species-specific trajectory of brain development taking place at perinatal stages — the period from 22 weeks to the end of the first four weeks of neonatal life — that would result in a more globular head shape in modern humans, in contrast to the more elongated shape seen in Neanderthals," concludes Moriano.