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The second major form of Warring States verse derived from southern musical traditions.
In the Zhuangzi,such verse was employed to suggest epiphanies and other experiences not
amenable to conventional language.
Other southem verse is preserved in the Chu ci,in which literary versions of spirit travel
and ritual confrontations with deities were employed to express both human emotions and
political critique.
Ultimately compiled as an anthology of the works of O u Yuan and his imitators,these poems
fashioned a rhetoric devoted to the theme of unrecognized virtue.
They provided a language for the assertion of private worth in the face of political
failure,and the anthology served as the ultimate model for the idea of private authorship.
However,the ease with which the rhetoric of the "Li sao"(),the central poem of the Chu
ci anthology,was adapted to form a triumphal account of a Daoist adept attaining perfection
("Yuan you")or a Han emperor gaining universal lordship("Da ren fu")shows that this
particular language of self-justification worked by claiming lordship for the poet.
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