V2EX null-hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

Definition / 释义

零假设:在统计检验中,默认先假定“没有差异/没有效应/没有关系”的陈述,用来与数据证据对照;若证据足够强,才考虑拒绝零假设。(在假设检验框架下通常与备择假设相对。)

Pronunciation / 发音(IPA)

/nl hapθss/

Examples / 例句

The null hypothesis is that the new drug has no effect.
零假设是:这种新药没有效果。

After running the test, we failed to reject the null hypothesis at the 5% level, so the observed difference could be due to chance.
在进行检验后,我们在 5% 显著性水平下未能拒绝零假设,因此观察到的差异可能只是随机波动造成的。

Etymology / 词源

null 源自拉丁语 nullus(“没有、无”),表示“零/无效”;hypothesis 源自希腊语 hypothesis(“假设、前提”)。合起来的 null hypothesis 字面意思就是“无效(没有效应)的假设”,体现了统计检验中“先假定无差异,再看数据是否足以推翻”的思路。

Related Words / 相关词

Literary Works / 文献与作品中的用例

  • R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments(《实验设计》)
  • R. A. Fisher, Statistical Methods for Research Workers(《研究工作者的统计方法》)
  • Jerzy Neyman & Egon Pearson(多篇奠基性论文,系统化了假设检验与错误类型的框架)
  • Erich L. Lehmann & Joseph P. Romano, Testing Statistical Hypotheses(《统计假设检验》)
  • David Salsburg, The Lady Tasting Tea(《品茶的女士》;以通俗叙事方式讲到假设检验与零假设思想)
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