V2EX brachistochrone

Brachistochrone

Definition / 释义

(物理/数学)最速降线;最速降落曲线:在仅受重力作用且无摩擦的理想条件下,物体从一点滑到另一点所需时间最短的轨道(经典解为摆线 cycloid)。也常指“最速降线问题”(brachistochrone problem)。

Pronunciation / 发音

/brkistkrn/ ; /brkistkron/

Examples / 例句

The cycloid is a brachistochrone under uniform gravity.
在均匀重力场下,摆线是一条最速降线。

In calculus of variations, the brachistochrone problem asks which curve minimizes travel time between two points when friction is ignored.
在变分法中,最速降线问题研究:忽略摩擦时,哪一条曲线能使两点间的运动时间最短。

Etymology / 词源

来自希腊语构词:brachistos(“最短的”)+ chronos(“时间”)。字面意思就是“最短时间的(曲线)”。该术语与相关问题在17世纪末的数学讨论中广为流行,成为变分法发展的重要起点之一。

Related Words / 相关词

In Literature / 文学与典籍

  • Johann Bernoulli:《Problema novum ad cujus solutionem Mathematici invitantur》(1696,发表于 Acta Eruditorum;最速降线问题的经典提出)
  • Leonhard Euler:《Methodus Inveniendi Lineas Curvas Maximi Minimive Proprietate Gaudentes》(1744;变分法奠基著作,系统讨论此类极值曲线)
  • I. M. Gelfand & S. V. Fomin:《Calculus of Variations》(经典教材,常以最速降线为核心例题)
  • V. I. Arnold:《Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics》(经典力学与变分思想中涉及最速降线的讨论)
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